TY  - JOUR
AU  - Obradović, Maja
AU  - Stevanović, Rade M.
AU  - Despić, Aleksandar R.
PY  - 2003
UR  - https://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4179
AB  - Ammonia-citrate electrolyte is one of the solutions that are used in practice for electroplating Ni-W alloys. In this contribution, a systematic effort was made to clarify some controversies about the mechanism of the deposition reaction. Different complex species are found in the electrolyte, the most important for the alloy deposition process being the protonated tungstate-citrate complex and ammonia-citrate complex of Ni. No complex ions containing both Ni and W together could be detected by the employed (spectrophotometric) method. A critical point was found in the Tafel diagram at which W starts depositing and hydrogen evolution subsides. At potentials more positive than that, the presence of the tungsten oxide | hydroxide layer controls all the reactions at the surface. The critical point coincides with Ni-deposition passing from activation into diffusion/reaction control, which usually leads to rough, or even powdery deposits. This leads to a suggestion that the sudden beginning of W codeposition may be due to a closer approach of the complex tungstate-citrate ion from the solution to freshly deposited Ni particles sticking out and electron tunneling from those into the complex with a resulting reduction of W to the metallic state.
PB  - Elsevier
T2  - Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
T1  - Electrochemical deposition of Ni–W alloys from ammonia–citrate electrolyte
VL  - 552
SP  - 185
EP  - 196
DO  - 10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00151-7
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Obradović, Maja and Stevanović, Rade M. and Despić, Aleksandar R.",
year = "2003",
abstract = "Ammonia-citrate electrolyte is one of the solutions that are used in practice for electroplating Ni-W alloys. In this contribution, a systematic effort was made to clarify some controversies about the mechanism of the deposition reaction. Different complex species are found in the electrolyte, the most important for the alloy deposition process being the protonated tungstate-citrate complex and ammonia-citrate complex of Ni. No complex ions containing both Ni and W together could be detected by the employed (spectrophotometric) method. A critical point was found in the Tafel diagram at which W starts depositing and hydrogen evolution subsides. At potentials more positive than that, the presence of the tungsten oxide | hydroxide layer controls all the reactions at the surface. The critical point coincides with Ni-deposition passing from activation into diffusion/reaction control, which usually leads to rough, or even powdery deposits. This leads to a suggestion that the sudden beginning of W codeposition may be due to a closer approach of the complex tungstate-citrate ion from the solution to freshly deposited Ni particles sticking out and electron tunneling from those into the complex with a resulting reduction of W to the metallic state.",
publisher = "Elsevier",
journal = "Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry",
title = "Electrochemical deposition of Ni–W alloys from ammonia–citrate electrolyte",
volume = "552",
pages = "185-196",
doi = "10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00151-7"
}

Obradović, M., Stevanović, R. M.,& Despić, A. R.. (2003). Electrochemical deposition of Ni–W alloys from ammonia–citrate electrolyte. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Elsevier., 552, 185-196.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00151-7

Obradović M, Stevanović RM, Despić AR. Electrochemical deposition of Ni–W alloys from ammonia–citrate electrolyte. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2003;552:185-196.
doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00151-7 .

Obradović, Maja, Stevanović, Rade M., Despić, Aleksandar R., "Electrochemical deposition of Ni–W alloys from ammonia–citrate electrolyte" in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 552 (2003):185-196,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00151-7 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Obradović, Maja D.
AU  - Stevanović, Jasmina
AU  - Stevanović, Rade M.
AU  - Despić, Aleksandar R.
PY  - 2000
UR  - https://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/6343
AB  - It was found that codeposition of Ni and W from an ammonia and citrate-containing electrolyte, is very sensitive to changes in operating conditions. The Ni-W alloy deposit exhibited sensitivity of chemical composition and phase structure on the composition of the electrolyte, pH in particular, as well as on the c.d., hydrodynamic conditions and quantity (thickness) of the deposit.
	Thus, small changes in pH, which arise during the process of bath utilization, are found to change the relationships between peaks in anodic dissolution voltammograms reflecting existence of different phases. 
The anodic linear sweep voltammograms (ALSV) of the alloys deposited at medium c.d.'s, pH lower than 8.4 and a high rate of rotation of the RDE contained two peaks. The first one could be ascribed to some tungsten oxide species while the appearance of the second one basically reflects the presence of solid solution of W in Ni, but also points to some other phases. 
	The increase in pH, increase in c.d., and the decrease in the rate of rotation of the RDE all lead to ALSV with a single peak with a peak potential shifted in the negative direction i.e. towards the dissolution peak of pure Ni. Analysis confirmed a decrease of W content in that shift. Still a somewhat more noble behavior than that of Ni points out that some W still remains in Ni.
PB  - Elsevier Sequoia SA
T2  - Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
T1  - A contribution to the knowledge of electrochemical deposition of W induced by Ni
VL  - 491
SP  - 188
EP  - 196
DO  - 10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00282-5
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Obradović, Maja D. and Stevanović, Jasmina and Stevanović, Rade M. and Despić, Aleksandar R.",
year = "2000",
abstract = "It was found that codeposition of Ni and W from an ammonia and citrate-containing electrolyte, is very sensitive to changes in operating conditions. The Ni-W alloy deposit exhibited sensitivity of chemical composition and phase structure on the composition of the electrolyte, pH in particular, as well as on the c.d., hydrodynamic conditions and quantity (thickness) of the deposit.
	Thus, small changes in pH, which arise during the process of bath utilization, are found to change the relationships between peaks in anodic dissolution voltammograms reflecting existence of different phases. 
The anodic linear sweep voltammograms (ALSV) of the alloys deposited at medium c.d.'s, pH lower than 8.4 and a high rate of rotation of the RDE contained two peaks. The first one could be ascribed to some tungsten oxide species while the appearance of the second one basically reflects the presence of solid solution of W in Ni, but also points to some other phases. 
	The increase in pH, increase in c.d., and the decrease in the rate of rotation of the RDE all lead to ALSV with a single peak with a peak potential shifted in the negative direction i.e. towards the dissolution peak of pure Ni. Analysis confirmed a decrease of W content in that shift. Still a somewhat more noble behavior than that of Ni points out that some W still remains in Ni.",
publisher = "Elsevier Sequoia SA",
journal = "Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry",
title = "A contribution to the knowledge of electrochemical deposition of W induced by Ni",
volume = "491",
pages = "188-196",
doi = "10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00282-5"
}

Obradović, M. D., Stevanović, J., Stevanović, R. M.,& Despić, A. R.. (2000). A contribution to the knowledge of electrochemical deposition of W induced by Ni. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Elsevier Sequoia SA., 491, 188-196.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00282-5

Obradović MD, Stevanović J, Stevanović RM, Despić AR. A contribution to the knowledge of electrochemical deposition of W induced by Ni. in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2000;491:188-196.
doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00282-5 .

Obradović, Maja D., Stevanović, Jasmina, Stevanović, Rade M., Despić, Aleksandar R., "A contribution to the knowledge of electrochemical deposition of W induced by Ni" in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 491 (2000):188-196,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00282-5 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Stevanović, Rade M.
AU  - Despić, Aleksandar R.
AU  - Dražić, Dragutin M.
PY  - 1988
UR  - https://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4313
AB  - Galvanostatic transients were recorded for anodic dissolution of high purity aluminium in neutral chloride solutions. All transients, except at very low current densities (below 50 μA cm-2), are characterized by an overshoot and a sudden decay of potential to the potential plateau of active anodic dissolution. Initial portions of the transients were analyzed for electrode capacitance and oxide growth. Sudden decay is interpreted in terms of adsorption of chloride and its effect on the structure and conductivity of the oxide film.
PB  - Elsevier
T2  - Electrochimica Acta
T1  - Activation of aluminium in chloride containing solutions
VL  - 33
IS  - 3
SP  - 397
EP  - 404
DO  - 10.1016/0013-4686(88)85035-7
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Stevanović, Rade M. and Despić, Aleksandar R. and Dražić, Dragutin M.",
year = "1988",
abstract = "Galvanostatic transients were recorded for anodic dissolution of high purity aluminium in neutral chloride solutions. All transients, except at very low current densities (below 50 μA cm-2), are characterized by an overshoot and a sudden decay of potential to the potential plateau of active anodic dissolution. Initial portions of the transients were analyzed for electrode capacitance and oxide growth. Sudden decay is interpreted in terms of adsorption of chloride and its effect on the structure and conductivity of the oxide film.",
publisher = "Elsevier",
journal = "Electrochimica Acta",
title = "Activation of aluminium in chloride containing solutions",
volume = "33",
number = "3",
pages = "397-404",
doi = "10.1016/0013-4686(88)85035-7"
}

Stevanović, R. M., Despić, A. R.,& Dražić, D. M.. (1988). Activation of aluminium in chloride containing solutions. in Electrochimica Acta
Elsevier., 33(3), 397-404.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(88)85035-7

Stevanović RM, Despić AR, Dražić DM. Activation of aluminium in chloride containing solutions. in Electrochimica Acta. 1988;33(3):397-404.
doi:10.1016/0013-4686(88)85035-7 .

Stevanović, Rade M., Despić, Aleksandar R., Dražić, Dragutin M., "Activation of aluminium in chloride containing solutions" in Electrochimica Acta, 33, no. 3 (1988):397-404,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(88)85035-7 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Popov, Konstantin I.
AU  - Maksimović, Miodrag D.
AU  - Stevanović, Rade M.
AU  - Krstajić, Nedeljko V.
PY  - 1984
UR  - https://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4433
AB  - The effect of a pulsating current on the microthrowing power of metal deposits in the early stage of deposition was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that at the same average current density the microthrowing power of metal deposits increases rapidly with increasing pause-to-pulse ratio.
PB  - Elsevier
T2  - Surface Technology
T1  - Fundamental aspects of pulsating current metal electrodeposition VIII: The effect of pause-to-pulse ratio on microthrowing power of metal deposition
VL  - 22
IS  - 2
SP  - 155
EP  - 158
DO  - 10.1016/0376-4583(84)90051-7
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Popov, Konstantin I. and Maksimović, Miodrag D. and Stevanović, Rade M. and Krstajić, Nedeljko V.",
year = "1984",
abstract = "The effect of a pulsating current on the microthrowing power of metal deposits in the early stage of deposition was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that at the same average current density the microthrowing power of metal deposits increases rapidly with increasing pause-to-pulse ratio.",
publisher = "Elsevier",
journal = "Surface Technology",
title = "Fundamental aspects of pulsating current metal electrodeposition VIII: The effect of pause-to-pulse ratio on microthrowing power of metal deposition",
volume = "22",
number = "2",
pages = "155-158",
doi = "10.1016/0376-4583(84)90051-7"
}

Popov, K. I., Maksimović, M. D., Stevanović, R. M.,& Krstajić, N. V.. (1984). Fundamental aspects of pulsating current metal electrodeposition VIII: The effect of pause-to-pulse ratio on microthrowing power of metal deposition. in Surface Technology
Elsevier., 22(2), 155-158.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-4583(84)90051-7

Popov KI, Maksimović MD, Stevanović RM, Krstajić NV. Fundamental aspects of pulsating current metal electrodeposition VIII: The effect of pause-to-pulse ratio on microthrowing power of metal deposition. in Surface Technology. 1984;22(2):155-158.
doi:10.1016/0376-4583(84)90051-7 .

Popov, Konstantin I., Maksimović, Miodrag D., Stevanović, Rade M., Krstajić, Nedeljko V., "Fundamental aspects of pulsating current metal electrodeposition VIII: The effect of pause-to-pulse ratio on microthrowing power of metal deposition" in Surface Technology, 22, no. 2 (1984):155-158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-4583(84)90051-7 . .