Effect of the support and the reduction temperature on the formation of metallic nickel phase in Ni/silica gel precursors of vegetable oil hydrogenation catalysts

Abstract

Ni/SiO(2) materials with identical composition (SiO(2)/Ni = 1.0) have been synthesized by precipitation of Ni(NO(3))(2) center dot 6H(2)O solution with Na(2)CO(3) solution on the silica gel, obtained at three different pH values. The present investigation was undertaken in an endeavor to study the effects of the silica gel support type and the reduction temperature on the formation and dispersion of the metallic nickel phase in the reduced Ni/SiO(2) precursors of the vegetable oil hydrogenation catalyst. The physicochemical characterization of the unreduced and reduced precursors has been accomplished appropriately by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction and H(2)-chemisorption techniques. It can be stated that the texture peculiarities of the silica gels used as supports influence on the crystalline state and distribution of the deposited Ni-containing phases during the preparation of the precursors, on the reduction temperature of the investigated solids as well as on the bulk size and surface dispersion of the arising metallic nickel particles. It was shown that two types of Ni(2+)-species are formed during the synthesis procedure, namely basic nickel carbonate-like and Ni-phyllosilicate with different extent of presence, location and strength of interaction. The different location of these species is supposed to result in various strength of Ni-O and Ni-O-Si interaction, thus determining the overall reducibility of the precursors. It was specified that the Ni(2+)-species are strongly bonded to the surface of the silica gel obtained at neutral pH value and weakly bonded to the surface of those prepared in acidic and alkaline conditions. It was established that the precursor, derivates from the silica gel obtained at alkaline conditions, demonstrates both significant reduction of the Ni2+ ions at 430A degrees C and finely dispersed metallic nickel particles on its surface. High dispersion of the metallic nickel might be the crucial reason for achieving of high activity in the vegetable oil hydrogenation.