Complete thermodynamic characterization of the soil organic matter from forest ecosystems.

Abstract

Thermodynamic characterization of soils is a developing field that involves the calculation of the enthalpies, Gibbs energy, and entropy of the soil organic matter, SOM. Its achievement would contribute to the development of the bioenergetics of soil systems beyond the existing theoretical models.

This work shows different experimental procedures and theoretical models for the complete thermodynamic characterization of SOM. It was applied to a total of 31 samples representing different soil horizons from different locations.

Thermodynamic characterization of SOM was achieved through the calculation of empirical formulae for SOM from the SOM elemental composition, application of Patel-Erickson, Sandler-Orbey, and Battley methods, as well as direct measurements of the energy content by simultaneous TG-DSC.

The used computational methods belong to a group of approaches modeling thermodynamic properties of SOM as a sum of contributions from its constituent elements. The first computational approaches were those from the Patel-Erickson and Battley equations. Patel-Erickson equation was used to find the standard enthalpy of combustion, ΔCH⁰PE, of SOM based on its elemental composition:

ΔCH⁰PE(SOM) = –111.14 kJ/mol ∙ (4nC + nH – 2nO – 0nN + 5nP + 6nS)

where nJ is the number of atoms of element J in the empirical formula of SOM. The Battley equation gives the standard molar entropy, S⁰m, of SOM:

S⁰m(SOM) = 0.187 ∑J [ S⁰m(J) / aJ ] nJ

where S⁰m(J) and aJ are standard molar entropy and the number of atoms of element J in its standard state elemental form. The enthalpy from the Patel-Erickson equation is combined with entropy from the Battley equation, to find the Gibbs energy of SOM.

The second computational approach handled equations proposed by Sandler and Orbey that allow finding standard enthalpy of combustion ΔCH⁰SO and standard Gibbs energy of combustion, ΔCG⁰, of SOM:

ΔCH⁰SO(SOM) = –109.04 kJ/C-mol ∙ (4nC + nH – 2nO – 0nN + 5nP + 6nS)

ΔCG⁰(SOM) = –110.23 kJ/C-mol ∙ (4nC + nH – 2nO – 0nN + 5nP + 6nS)

The enthalpy and Gibbs energy obtained using the Sandler-Orbey method were combined to find entropy.

Results obtained by the application of Patel-Erickson and Sandler-Orbey methods to calculate the enthalpy of SOM combustion did not significantly differ when comparing data given by the TG-DSC with those obtained from the SOM empirical formulation. The same results were obtained when comparing the Gibbs energy. These results enabled the calculation of the entropy of SOM and the comparison of those values among different soil layers and sampling sites.