Nanocrystal dispersion of DK-I-56–1, a poorly soluble pyrazoloquinolinone positive modulator of α6 GABAA receptors: Formulation approach toward improved in vivo performance

Abstract

DK-I-56–1 (7‑methoxy‑2-(4‑methoxy‑d3-phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-3H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one), a recently developed deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone, has been recognized as a lead candidate for treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. During preclinical investigation of poorly water-soluble compounds such as DK-I-56–1, the application of nanotechnology could be advantageous due to improved safety and possibly increased bioavailability of nanosized formulation. DK-I-56–1 nanosuspensions stabilized by polysorbate 80, alone or in combination with poloxamers 188 i.e. 407 or D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, were prepared using a small-scale media milling device. With particle size 208.7–250.6 nm and polydispersity index <0.250, selected nanodiseprsions were stable for three weeks. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies following intraperitoneal administration of three types of formulation in mice indicated high plasma DK-I-56–1 levels after solution (10,228.6 ± 1037.2 ngh/ml) and nanosuspension (6770.4 ± 770.7 ngh/ml) but not suspension administration (966.0 ± 58.1 ngh/ml). However, distribution of DK-I-56–1 after solution was heavily influenced by its composition, and brain availability of nanosuspension was superior to that of solution formulation. In spontaneous locomotor activity test, the expected hyperlocomotor effect was observed after nanosuspension administration, without compromising impact of the vehicle/excipients used. Therefore, nanonization of drug compound assembled with proper selection of stabilizers may seemingly contribute further thorough testing of DK-I-56–1 preclinical efficacy.