TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gledović, Ana
AU  - Janošević Ležaić, Aleksandra
AU  - Krstonosic, Veljko
AU  - Djokovic, Jelena
AU  - Nikolić, Ines
AU  - Bajuk-Bogdanovic, Danica
AU  - Antić Stanković, Jelena
AU  - Randjelović, Danijela
AU  - Savić, Sanela M.
AU  - Filipović, Mila
AU  - Tamburic, Slobodanka
AU  - Savić, Snežana D.
PY  - 2020
UR  - https://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3516
AB  - Considering a growing demand for medicinal/cosmetic products with natural actives, this study focuses on the low-energy nanoemulsions (LE-NEs) prepared via the Phase inversion composition (PIC) method at room temperature as potential carriers for natural oil. Four different red raspberry seed oils (ROs) were tested, as follows: cold-pressed vs. CO2-extracted, organic vs. non-organic, refined vs. unrefined. The oil phase was optimized with Tocopheryl acetate and Isostearyl isostearate, while water phase was adjusted with either glycerol or an antioxidant hydro-glycolic extract. This study has used a combined approach to formulation development, employing both conventional methods (pseudo-ternary phase diagram − PTPD, electrical conductivity, particle size measurements, microscopical analysis, and rheological measurements) and the methods novel to this area, such as textural analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy has detected fine differences in chemical composition among ROs, and it detected the interactions within nanoemulsions. It was shown that the cold-pressed, unrefined, organic grade oil (RO2) with 6.62% saturated fatty acids and 92.25% unsaturated fatty acids, was optimal for the LE-NEs. Textural analysis confirmed the existence of cubic gel-like phase as a crucial step in the formation of stable RO2-loaded LE-NEs, with droplets in the narrow nano-range (125 to 135 nm; PDI ≤ 0.1). The DPPH test in methanol and ABTS in aqueous medium have revealed a synergistic free radical scavenging effect between lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in LE-NEs. The nanoemulsion carrier has improved the biological effect of raw materials on HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma cells, while exhibiting good safety profile, as confirmed on MRC-5 normal human lung fibroblasts. Overall, this study has shown that low-energy nanoemulsions present very promising carriers for topical delivery of natural bioactives. Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis have proven to be a useful addition to the arsenal of methods used in the formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion systems.
PB  - Public Library of Science (PLoS)
T2  - PLOS ONE
T1  - Low-energy nanoemulsions as carriers for red raspberry seed oil: Formulation approach based on Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis, physicochemical properties, stability and in vitro antioxidant/ biological activity
VL  - 15
IS  - 4
SP  - e0230993
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0230993
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Gledović, Ana and Janošević Ležaić, Aleksandra and Krstonosic, Veljko and Djokovic, Jelena and Nikolić, Ines and Bajuk-Bogdanovic, Danica and Antić Stanković, Jelena and Randjelović, Danijela and Savić, Sanela M. and Filipović, Mila and Tamburic, Slobodanka and Savić, Snežana D.",
year = "2020",
abstract = "Considering a growing demand for medicinal/cosmetic products with natural actives, this study focuses on the low-energy nanoemulsions (LE-NEs) prepared via the Phase inversion composition (PIC) method at room temperature as potential carriers for natural oil. Four different red raspberry seed oils (ROs) were tested, as follows: cold-pressed vs. CO2-extracted, organic vs. non-organic, refined vs. unrefined. The oil phase was optimized with Tocopheryl acetate and Isostearyl isostearate, while water phase was adjusted with either glycerol or an antioxidant hydro-glycolic extract. This study has used a combined approach to formulation development, employing both conventional methods (pseudo-ternary phase diagram − PTPD, electrical conductivity, particle size measurements, microscopical analysis, and rheological measurements) and the methods novel to this area, such as textural analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy has detected fine differences in chemical composition among ROs, and it detected the interactions within nanoemulsions. It was shown that the cold-pressed, unrefined, organic grade oil (RO2) with 6.62% saturated fatty acids and 92.25% unsaturated fatty acids, was optimal for the LE-NEs. Textural analysis confirmed the existence of cubic gel-like phase as a crucial step in the formation of stable RO2-loaded LE-NEs, with droplets in the narrow nano-range (125 to 135 nm; PDI ≤ 0.1). The DPPH test in methanol and ABTS in aqueous medium have revealed a synergistic free radical scavenging effect between lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in LE-NEs. The nanoemulsion carrier has improved the biological effect of raw materials on HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma cells, while exhibiting good safety profile, as confirmed on MRC-5 normal human lung fibroblasts. Overall, this study has shown that low-energy nanoemulsions present very promising carriers for topical delivery of natural bioactives. Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis have proven to be a useful addition to the arsenal of methods used in the formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion systems.",
publisher = "Public Library of Science (PLoS)",
journal = "PLOS ONE",
title = "Low-energy nanoemulsions as carriers for red raspberry seed oil: Formulation approach based on Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis, physicochemical properties, stability and in vitro antioxidant/ biological activity",
volume = "15",
number = "4",
pages = "e0230993",
doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0230993"
}

Gledović, A., Janošević Ležaić, A., Krstonosic, V., Djokovic, J., Nikolić, I., Bajuk-Bogdanovic, D., Antić Stanković, J., Randjelović, D., Savić, S. M., Filipović, M., Tamburic, S.,& Savić, S. D.. (2020). Low-energy nanoemulsions as carriers for red raspberry seed oil: Formulation approach based on Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis, physicochemical properties, stability and in vitro antioxidant/ biological activity. in PLOS ONE
Public Library of Science (PLoS)., 15(4), e0230993.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230993

Gledović A, Janošević Ležaić A, Krstonosic V, Djokovic J, Nikolić I, Bajuk-Bogdanovic D, Antić Stanković J, Randjelović D, Savić SM, Filipović M, Tamburic S, Savić SD. Low-energy nanoemulsions as carriers for red raspberry seed oil: Formulation approach based on Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis, physicochemical properties, stability and in vitro antioxidant/ biological activity. in PLOS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0230993.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230993 .

Gledović, Ana, Janošević Ležaić, Aleksandra, Krstonosic, Veljko, Djokovic, Jelena, Nikolić, Ines, Bajuk-Bogdanovic, Danica, Antić Stanković, Jelena, Randjelović, Danijela, Savić, Sanela M., Filipović, Mila, Tamburic, Slobodanka, Savić, Snežana D., "Low-energy nanoemulsions as carriers for red raspberry seed oil: Formulation approach based on Raman spectroscopy and textural analysis, physicochemical properties, stability and in vitro antioxidant/ biological activity" in PLOS ONE, 15, no. 4 (2020):e0230993,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230993 . .